Blockchain Compendium

Consolidated reference on blockchain: historical timeline, fundamentals, consensus, L1L2, smart contracts, DeFi, NFTRWA, bridges, tokenomics, regulation, incidents, and Koder positioning.

Complements the cryptography compendium (../cryptography/), especially 10-criptomoeda.md which covers the primitives. This one focuses on architecture, ecosystem, market, regulation.

Language: en-US in the body; technical names, projects, and protocols in original form. Last updated: 2026-05-13 Maintainer: Rodrigo (rpm32510)

Map

# File Scope
01 timeline.md Chronology: Hashcash 1997 → Bitcoin 2008 → present
02 fundamentos.md Concepts: ledger, immutability, decentralization, Byzantine generals, CAP, finality, MEV
03 consensus.md PoW, PoS, BFT (PBFT, Tendermint, HotStuff), DAG, PoH, PoA, PoSpace, hybrid
04 l1-bitcoin.md Bitcoin: architecture, BIPs, SegWit, Taproot, Lightning, Stacks, ordinals/inscriptions
05 l1-ethereum.md Ethereum: EVM, gas, EIPs, The Merge, EIP-4844 (blobs), MEV, account abstraction
06 l1-alt.md Solana, Avalanche, Cardano, Polkadot, Cosmos, Tezos, Algorand, Near, Sui, Aptos, TON, Tron, BSC, Polygon PoS
07 l2-scaling.md Rollups (optimistic + zk), state channels, sidechains, validium, sovereign rollups, modular thesis (DA layer, EigenDA, Celestia)
08 smart-contracts.md EVM, Solidity, Vyper, Move (Aptos/Sui), CairoVM, ink!, RISC Zero zkVM, MoveVM, formal verification
09 defi.md AMMs (Uniswap, Curve, Balancer), lending (Aave, Compound, Morpho), derivatives (dYdX, GMX, Hyperliquid), stablecoins (USDC, USDT, DAI, ENA), perps, RWA, restaking
10 nft-gamefi-rwa.md NFTs (ERC-721, ERC-1155), gaming, real-world assets (BlackRock BUIDL, Ondo), DePIN
11 bridges-interop.md Cross-chain bridges (Wormhole, LayerZero, Axelar, CCIP), IBC, restaking, intent-based
12 tokenomics.md Token types (utility, security, governance, meme), vesting, supply curves, MEV (Flashbots, MEV-Boost), governance (DAOs, Snapshot, Tally)
13 regulacao.md By jurisdiction: US (SEC, CFTC, IRS, OFAC), EU (MiCA), Brazil (Lei 14.478, CVM, BCB Drex), UK FCA, Singapore MAS, Hong Kong SFC, Japan FSA
14 incidentes.md Mt. Gox, The DAO, DAO hack, Ronin, FTX, Terra/Luna, 3AC, Celsius, BlockFi, Wormhole, Nomad, Multichain, and dozens of DeFi exploits
15 koder-aplicada.md Koder Stack positioning: is blockchain on the roadmap? Use cases considered? Architectural decisions

Conventions

Source citation

  • Whitepaper: title, author(s), year, arxivIPFSofficial site link.
  • EIP/BIP: number + title; eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-NNNN or github.com/bitcoin/bips.
  • Commit/PR: repo:hash when relevant.
  • Audit: firm (Trail of Bits, OpenZeppelin, Quantstamp, ConsenSys Diligence) + date.
  • CVE / SWC: SWC = Smart Contract Weakness Classification, swcregistry.io.
  • Hack/exploit: date, value in USD, on-chain transaction when public.

What to ALWAYS include

  • Exact dates of mainnet launch, hard forks, exploits.
  • Marketcap / TVL contextualized at a specific date (doesn't age well; always date it).
  • Token symbol in parentheses on first mention: Ethereum (ETH), Solana (SOL).
  • Current status: live, deprecated, defunct, dormant, mainnet, testnet.
  • For DeFi protocols: TVL with date, chain, model (lendingAMMderivative).

What to NEVER do

  • Treat marketcap/price as permanent truth without a date.
  • Confuse L1 (own chain) with L2 (settles on another chain).
  • Confuse custodial vs non-custodial wallets.
  • Mix permissioned (Hyperledger) with permissionless (public).
  • Attribute the invention of "blockchain" to Satoshi (the structure existed in Haber-Stornetta 1991).

Notation

Symbol Meaning
TVL Total Value Locked
L1, L2, L3 Layer 1 (chain), Layer 2 (rollup/sidechain), Layer 3 (app-chain)
EOA Externally Owned Account
MEV Maximal Extractable Value
DA Data Availability
AMM Automated Market Maker
LP Liquidity Provider
NFT Non-Fungible Token
RWA Real-World Asset
TPS Transactions Per Second
TPV Total Payment Volume
TGE Token Generation Event

Reading roadmap

For the absolute beginner

  1. 02-fundamentals.md — vocabulary and principles
  2. 01-timeline.md §1–4 — Bitcoin → Ethereum → DeFi
  3. 04-l1-bitcoin.md — first real case
  4. 09-defi.md §1–3 — AMM, lending, stablecoin

For the Web3 developer

  1. 05-l1-ethereum.md + 08-smart-contracts.md
  2. 07-l2-scaling.md — where to deploy
  3. 11-bridges-interop.md — multi-chain
  4. 14-incidents.md — learn from failures

For the investor / analyst

  1. 12-tokenomics.md
  2. 06-l1-alt.md — comparative landscape
  3. 09-defi.md, 10-nft-gamefi-rwa.md
  4. 13-regulation.md — jurisdiction matters
  5. 14-incidents.md

For the architect / decision-maker

  1. 02-fundamentals.md + 03-consensus.md — trust model
  2. 15-koder-applied.md — Koder posture
  3. 13-regulation.md — constraints

For the academic / researcher

  1. Everything, in order.

Updates

Update when:

  • A relevant hard fork (BitcoinEthereummajor chain).
  • Launch of an L1/L2 with significant adoption.
  • Hack > US$50M or one that changes a design pattern of the sector.
  • A relevant regulatory change (MiCA, Brazilian law, SEC/CFTC decision).
  • A Koder Stack decision on blockchain adoption (update 15-koder-applied.md).

History: git log -- meta/docs/blockchain/compendium-blockchain/.