Cronologia desde pré-história até hoje.
Pré-história (1980s–2008)
| Data |
Evento |
| 1979 |
Ralph Merkle publica tese com árvores de Merkle — base estrutural de blockchain. |
| 1982 |
David Chaum publica Blind signatures for untraceable payments — base para e-cash. |
| 1990 |
DigiCash (Chaum) — primeiro e-cash baseado em blind signatures. Faliu 1998. |
| 1991 |
Stuart Haber + W. Scott Stornetta publicam How to time-stamp a digital document — estrutura de blockchain (chain of hashes). Publicado anualmente em jornal NYT desde 1995 com hash do dia. |
| 1997 |
Adam Back publica Hashcash — proof-of-work anti-spam. Citado por Satoshi. |
| 1998 |
Wei Dai publica conceito b-money — moeda anônima distribuída. Citado por Satoshi. |
| 1998 |
Nick Szabo propõe Bit Gold — não implementado. Estrutura conceitual próxima a Bitcoin. |
| 2004 |
Hal Finney implementa RPOW (Reusable Proof-of-Work) — não-blockchain mas conceito relacionado. |
Era Bitcoin (2008–2014)
| Data |
Evento |
| 2008-10-31 |
Satoshi Nakamoto publica whitepaper Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System na cypherpunk mailing list. |
| 2009-01-03 |
Bloco gênesis Bitcoin minerado: 000000000019d6689c085ae165831e93.... Coinbase contém: "The Times 03Jan2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks". |
| 2009-01-12 |
Primeira transação Bitcoin: Satoshi → Hal Finney, 10 BTC. |
| 2010-05-22 |
Bitcoin Pizza Day: Laszlo Hanyecz paga 10.000 BTC por 2 pizzas em Jacksonville, FL. Primeira tx comercial documentada. |
| 2010-07-17 |
Mt. Gox lança como exchange Bitcoin (originalmente sítio para cards Magic: The Gathering). |
| 2010-12 |
Satoshi entrega controle a Gavin Andresen; última msg pública 2010-12-12. |
| 2011-04-23 |
Última comunicação privada de Satoshi a Mike Hearn; some. |
| 2011 |
Litecoin (LTC) — Charlie Lee. Scrypt PoW, 4× faster blocks. |
| 2011 |
Namecoin — primeiro fork relevante; conceito de Merge mining. |
| 2012 |
Bitcoin halving #1 (de 50 → 25 BTC). |
| 2013-04 |
Bitcoin atinge US$ 100. |
| 2013-08 |
Mastercoin (depois Omni Layer) — primeira ICO; tokens em cima de Bitcoin. |
| 2013-11 |
Bitcoin atinge US$ 1.000. |
| 2014-02 |
Mt. Gox collapse — 850k BTC perdidos. |
| 2014-07 |
Ethereum crowdsale (jul-set/2014) — 60M ETH vendidos por 31k BTC (US$ 18M). |
Era Ethereum + altcoins (2015–2017)
| Data |
Evento |
| 2015-07-30 |
Ethereum mainnet launch (Frontier release). Vitalik Buterin + Gavin Wood + cofounders (Joe Lubin, Charles Hoskinson — depois Cardano, Anthony Di Iorio, Mihai Alisie, Amir Chetrit, Jeffrey Wilcke). |
| 2015 |
Tether (USDT) lançado em Bitcoin Omni Layer (depois multi-chain). Primeiro stablecoin major. |
| 2016-04-30 |
The DAO crowdsale — coleta US$ 150M em ETH. |
| 2016-06-17 |
DAO hack — atacante drena US$ 60M via reentrancy bug. |
| 2016-07-20 |
Ethereum hard fork reverte DAO hack. Ethereum Classic (ETC) mantém chain original (immutable purist). |
| 2017 |
ICO boom: Status, Bancor, EOS (\(4B raised), Tezos, Filecoin, Tron. ~US\) 6B em ICOs em 2017. |
| 2017-07 |
Bitcoin Cash (BCH) hard fork — bigger blocks (8MB), lideratura por Roger Ver, Jihan Wu. |
| 2017-08 |
SegWit ativado em Bitcoin (BIP 141). |
| 2017-12 |
Bitcoin atinge US$ 19.700. ETH atinge US$ 750. |
Crypto winter + DeFi summer (2018–2020)
| Data |
Evento |
| 2018-01 |
Coincheck hack — US$ 530M em NEM. |
| 2018-Q1 |
Crypto winter começa; mercado cai 80%. |
| 2018-09 |
Bitcoin Lightning Network mainnet. |
| 2018-11 |
Bitcoin Cash hard fork — BCH vs Bitcoin SV (Craig Wright). |
| 2018 |
Augur, 0x, Maker (DAI), Compound v1, dYdX lançam. |
| 2019-01 |
Ethereum Constantinople hard fork. |
| 2019-04 |
Bitfinex / Tether revelam que reservas USDT não são 100% USD. |
| 2019-06 |
Facebook Libra (depois Diem) anunciado — abandonado 2022. |
| 2019-09 |
Uniswap v1 lançado por Hayden Adams — AMM constant-product. |
| 2020-03-12 |
"Black Thursday" — COVID crash; ETH cai 40% em 24h; MakerDAO sofre liquidações por gas spike. |
| 2020-05 |
Bitcoin halving #3 (12.5 → 6.25 BTC). |
| 2020-06 |
Compound launches COMP token — inicia liquidity mining. DeFi Summer começa. |
| 2020-07 |
YAM Finance — fork de YFI; bug catastrófico em rebase. |
| 2020-09 |
SushiSwap — vampire attack contra Uniswap. |
| 2020-09 |
Uniswap v2 + UNI token airdrop. |
| 2020-10 |
TVL DeFi atinge US$ 10B. |
| 2020-11 |
Aave v2. Yearn (YFI). |
| 2020-12 |
Ethereum 2.0 Beacon Chain ativada — primeiro passo Proof-of-Stake. |
Era multi-chain + boom NFT (2021)
| Data |
Evento |
| 2021-02 |
Bitcoin atinge US$ 50.000 (Tesla compra US$1.5B em BTC). |
| 2021-03 |
Beeple NFT vendida US$ 69M na Christie's. |
| 2021-04 |
Coinbase IPO (Direct Listing NASDAQ:COIN). |
| 2021-05 |
China bans crypto mining — Bitcoin hashrate drops 50%, recupera em 6 meses. |
| 2021-05 |
Bitcoin mining migration EUA + Cazaquistão + Rússia. |
| 2021-05 |
Terra (LUNA, UST) ganha tração. |
| 2021-06 |
El Salvador adopt Bitcoin as legal tender (lei 21-jun, vigência 7-set). |
| 2021-08 |
Ethereum London (EIP-1559) — fee burn começa. |
| 2021-08 |
Poly Network hack — US$ 611M. Atacante devolve fundos. |
| 2021-09 |
NFT mainstream: BAYC US$ 200k+ floor. |
| 2021-10 |
Bitcoin futures ETF (ProShares BITO) aprovado nos EUA. |
| 2021-11 |
Bitcoin ATH US$ 69.044 (10nov). ETH US$ 4.866 (10nov). |
| 2021-11 |
Solana adoption explosion. Avalanche, Fantom, BSC booms. |
| 2021-11 |
Bitcoin Taproot ativado (BIP 340341342) — Schnorr + Taproot scripts. |
| 2021-12 |
Wormhole popular bridge para Solana. |
Crypto winter + colapsos (2022)
| Data |
Evento |
| 2022-02 |
Wormhole hack — US$ 320M (cross-chain bridge bug). |
| 2022-03 |
Ronin Bridge hack — US$ 625M (Axie Infinity). N. Korean Lazarus group. |
| 2022-04 |
Beanstalk Farms governance attack — US$ 182M. |
| 2022-05-09 |
Terra Luna collapse: UST de-pegs; LUNA cai 99.99% em 1 semana; US$ 60B evaporados. |
| 2022-06 |
Three Arrows Capital (3AC) bankruptcy — defaulted US$ 3.5B. |
| 2022-06 |
Celsius Network halts withdrawals. Falência jul/2022. |
| 2022-07 |
Voyager Digital bankruptcy. |
| 2022-08 |
Tornado Cash sancionada pelo OFAC — código de smart contract banido (debate legal). |
| 2022-09-15 |
The Merge — Ethereum migra para Proof-of-Stake. ETH supply -90% emission. |
| 2022-10 |
Mango Markets exploit — US$ 117M (Avi Eisenberg, condenado). |
| 2022-11-08 |
FTX collapse — Sam Bankman-Fried. US$ 8B+ customer funds missing. |
| 2022-11 |
Genesis, BlockFi filings/halts. Contagion. |
| 2022-12 |
Bitcoin US\( 16k. ETH US\) 1.2k. Sentiment: rock bottom. |
Recovery + ETFs + restaking (2023)
| Data |
Evento |
| 2023-01 |
Ordinals (Bitcoin NFTs / inscriptions) lançado. Polêmico. |
| 2023-02 |
Sandwich em todo lugar; MEV maturity. |
| 2023-03 |
USDC depeg brevemente para US$0.87 (SVB collapse exposure). |
| 2023-04 |
Ethereum Shapella upgrade — staking withdrawals enabled. |
| 2023-06 |
SEC vs Binance, Coinbase — major lawsuits. |
| 2023-07 |
Worldcoin launch — controvérsia biometrics. |
| 2023-07 |
EigenLayer mainnet — restaking thesis nasce. |
| 2023-08 |
PayPal lança PYUSD stablecoin. |
| 2023-09 |
Mt. Gox creditors finalmente recebem distribuição. |
| 2023-10 |
Friend.tech — SocialFi spike + crash. |
| 2023-12 |
Bitcoin Inscriptions/BRC-20 boom. |
| 2023-12 |
MiCA (Markets in Crypto-Assets) entra em vigor parcial UE. |
ETFs spot + Bitcoin ATH novo (2024)
| Data |
Evento |
| 2024-01-10 |
SEC approves Spot Bitcoin ETF — BlackRock IBIT, Fidelity FBTC, etc. Massive inflows. |
| 2024-03-13 |
Ethereum Dencun upgrade — EIP-4844 proto-danksharding (blobs) — L2 fees 10× menores. |
| 2024-03-14 |
Bitcoin ATH US$ 73.737. |
| 2024-04-19 |
Bitcoin halving #4 (6.25 → 3.125 BTC). |
| 2024-05-23 |
SEC approves Spot Ethereum ETF (trading começa jul). |
| 2024-07 |
Mt. Gox começa distribuir 142k BTC remanescentes. |
| 2024-08 |
NIST PQC standards finalizados — ML-KEM, ML-DSA, SLH-DSA. Implications para PQC migration de blockchains. |
| 2024-09 |
EigenLayer mainnet completo + restaking modular thesis (AVS - Actively Validated Services). |
| 2024-10 |
Polymarket boom durante eleições US. |
| 2024-11-05 |
Trump elected; crypto industry optimism massive. |
| 2024-12-05 |
Bitcoin atinge US$ 100.000. |
| 2024-12 |
Hyperliquid TGE, top perp DEX. |
Era pró-cripto US + maturação (2025–presente)
| Data |
Evento |
| 2025-01 |
Trump assume presidência. Pro-crypto cabinet picks. |
| 2025-01 |
Trump memecoin ($TRUMP) launched on Solana — controvérsia ética + ganho 10×. |
| 2025-01 |
SEC sob Paul Atkins (Trump appointee) — drops major crypto cases (Coinbase, Binance, Ripple). |
| 2025-02 |
Bybit hack — US$ 1.5B em ETH, biggest exchange hack ever. N. Korean. |
| 2025-03 |
NIST seleciona HQC como segundo PQC KEM. |
| 2025-03 |
GENIUS Act introduzido US Senate — stablecoin framework. |
| 2025-04 |
Stripe acquires Bridge — stablecoin infrastructure US$ 1.1B. |
| 2025-05 |
GENIUS Act signed into law — primeiro framework federal US para stablecoins. |
| 2025-06 |
Strategic Bitcoin Reserve Executive Order — US Treasury holds confiscated BTC. |
| 2025-07 |
Solana ETF spot approved. |
| 2025-Q3 |
Tokenized RWA TVL atinge US$ 50B (BlackRock BUIDL, Ondo OUSG, Centrifuge). |
| 2025-09 |
MiCA Phase 2 completa rollout EU. |
| 2025-12 |
Bitcoin rounds US$ 130k. |
| 2026-01 |
Brasil Drex (CBDC) phased rollout. |
| 2026-02 |
Eclipse, MegaETH — high-perf L2s mainnet. |
| 2026-03 |
Ethereum Pectra upgrade — EIP-7702 (smart EOA), EIP-7251 (max effective balance increase). |
| 2026-Q2 |
Bitcoin ETF AUM > US$ 200B. |
Marcos pendentes (2026–2030+ esperados)
- PQC migration Bitcoin: BIP draft signing schemes pós-quânticos (Westerbaan/Valsorda 2024 proposal).
- Ethereum Verge / Purge / Splurge — roadmap Vitalik (Verkle trees, history expiry, EOF).
- Solana Firedancer validator client (Jump Trading) — high performance.
- Stablecoin GENIUS rollout completo — bank-issued stablecoins.
- Brasil Marco Legal cripto consolidado (Lei 14.4782022 + regulação BCBCVM ainda em construção).
- Spot ETFs alt — XRP, ADA esperados pós-Solana.
- MiCA Phase 3 — Crypto-Asset Service Providers (CASPs) full enforcement.
- PQC Bitcoin/Ethereum hard fork estimado 2028–2032.
Referência cruzada
- Detalhe de cada chain:
04-l1-bitcoin.md, 05-l1-ethereum.md, 06-l1-alt.md.
- DeFi mecânica:
09-defi.md.
- Hacks e colapsos detalhados:
14-incidentes.md.
- Regulação por jurisdição:
13-regulacao.md.
- Cripto primitives:
../cryptography/10-criptomoeda.md.